The subjunctive usually refers to things that have not happened yet, whether we really want them to happen (commands, wishes) or not (suppositions, conditional statements, fearing). The subjunctive appears in very specific contexts; we shall cover the most common ones, and some of the less common ones!  Please note that the subjunctive on the GMAT is not common! If your Verbal scores are low, direct your studies toward:

• subject-verb agreement
• verb tense, comparisons
• parallelism (the GMAT loves parallelism so much, the two of them should get married)

The subjunctive exists in many languages, though other languages use it more than we do in English, where it’s a somewhat strange and slowly disappearing form.

What does it look like?

The present subjunctive looks exactly the same as both the imperative (used in direct orders, like Go home! or Be careful!) and the part of the infinitive that isn’t the word to (to twist or to shout).  Some call this the “plain form” of the verb, since it’s the same in all three settings (see, hear, speak).  It doesn’t get different endings for being in the past tense (like take vs. taken) or in the third person singular (I eat vs. she eats).  Since Sentence Correction on the GMAT is completely dominated by third-person verbs (he/she/it jumps, they jump), the subjunctive will stand out more often:

Indicative (“normal”):  She makes her thank-you cards by hand.
Subjunctive:  I suggested that she make her thank-you cards by hand.

It definitely stands out!  You won’t be able to tell a friend “She make her thank-you cards by hand!” without your friend wondering whether you’ve been hit in the head too many times, because the subjunctive doesn’t live on its own, outside of a few set phrases that are basically fossils, remnants of a time when the subjunctive was more common in English (and we’ll cover those too).  When you need a present subjunctive, think of how you would form the infinitive (to sing, to cut) and remove the to:  that’s your present subjunctive (or “plain form”).

The past subjunctive looks the same as the normal (indicative) form, except in the verb to be.

The future subjunctive as it is traditionally taught looks different from the indicative and other subjunctives in all forms; some say that because it’s so different, we should call it something else and not the future subjunctive at all.  I mention this because your understanding of how this works is deeply affected by the way you were taught (for most non-native speakers of English) or the fact that you weren’t taught it at all (for most native speakers); I didn’t learn about the subjunctive until I studied other languages!  No matter how (or whether) you were taught the subjunctive, though, these are the forms you could see on the GMAT.

I’ve made this chart for your reference; I will include all of this information in every installment of this series so that you don’t have to refer back to this article:

I’ve highlighted the places where the subjunctive differs from the “normal” indicative.  In the future tense, you see that I have “will/shall”; traditionally, “shall” is the simple first-person future form (I/we shall, but he/she/it/you/they will), though you are not likely to see it often in American English.  “Shall” can still be used to show certainty or obligation (You shall not pass!), and also appears in legal language.

Where will I see it?

There are some common places the subjunctive can appear in English; we will be covering all of these in this series:

• wishes (I wish that I were able to drive a motorcycle or may the best man win)
• suppositions (If I were to go to the party, I wouldn’t finish painting the house)
• demands and commands (She demanded that he leave her house immediately)
• suggestions and proposals (I suggest that she think about it more)
• conditions contrary to fact (If I were master of the universe, college tuition would be free)
• statements of necessity (It’s necessary that they be there for your safety)
• fearing with lest (I filled her car with gas lest she run out on her cross-country trip)
• idiomatic phrases  (As it were or be that as it may or . . . need only . . .)

Fearing, with “lest”

The word “lest” introduces what might be called “negative purpose clauses” — doing something in order to prevent something else from happening.  The clauses with lest are things that have not happened yet, and the idea is that they should not happen!  You can replace the word lest with the phrase “for fear that” to make the sense clear — the first part of the sentence is the action taken or suggested, the second part the (negative) reason for that action:

I went to bed early lest I fall asleep during my morning staff meeting.
She put a lid on the dish lest the food make a mess inside the microwave oven.
Take your time putting that table together lest it collapse in the middle of your dinner party.

The emphasis is on negative things that are undesirable, though this emphasis is stretched a bit at times:
Do not eat at that new Italian restaurant, lest you find yourself wanting to have their delicious lasagna for dinner every night.

A GMAT-style question:

The sales team members began working longer hours during the peak season for the industry, lest both the most lucrative season of the year and the chance to impress their supervisors is missed.

A. lest both the most lucrative season of the year and the chance to impress their supervisors is missed.
B. lest they’ve missed both the most lucrative season of the year along with the chance to impress their supervisors.
C. lest they miss both the most lucrative season of the year and the chance to impress their supervisors.
D. lest both the the most lucrative season of the year along with the chance to impress their supervisors be missed.
E.  lest they’ve missed the most lucrative season of the year in the chance to impress their supervisors.

Read the final article of this series, Part 8: Idiomatic Phrases, for the answer to this question!

Looking for the answer to Part 6′s answer? Read The GMAT Subjunctive Part 6 of 8: It Is Vital That You Know for a GMAT-style question.  Then come back to get the answer.

(The answer for Part 6: Statement of Necessity’s question is B)