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How to Ace Application Questions on the LSAT

Nowadays, we may think of the word “application” as something we use on Facebook or on our smart phones, but Application questions on the LSAT’s Reading Comprehension section have nothing to do with technology, YouTube, or social media. They ask us to apply a process or a basic understanding of an opinion to an entirely new context.

For example, we know that Suzanne Somers is an exercise author and advocate, so if we were to place her in a candy store, how would she react? She’d probably try to leave, or not buy anything. We based our prediction of her behavior on our general understanding of who she is and what she prefers. Now this example may be a bit silly (and unlikely to appear on the LSAT), but the same simple logic applies to Application LSAT questions, just in a more complex way.

Get a feel for how Application questions appear on the LSAT with this LSAT Reading Comprehension application practice question. Read more »

An Overview of Logical Reasoning – Part 2

In Part 1 of our overview, we looked at the fundamentals of Logical Reasoning on the LSAT. These questions are like the “Super Bowl” playoffs of the LSAT – the ultimate test of whether you have what it takes! Work hard on these LSAT questions, and your argument-skills will be in top shape for the actual “Super Bowl” – law school admissions and law school, itself! But you’ll see that you don’t have to be the Tom Brady of rhetoric to comprehend the passages.  While the subject matter for logical reasoning is vast, the actual vocabulary of the passages is quite simple.

Passages can come from newspapers, magazines, scholarly journals, advertisements, or mock conversations. The arguments are designed to mock the type legal reasoning you’ll be required to know in law school in both their format and complexity, but the arguments themselves will not always be explicitly about the law, and you’ll notice that they are easily read and understood from an RC standpoint. Here’s a free practice LSAT question:

Joe: Search engines provide us with information that contributes to our understanding of the cultural zeitgeist. Even more worthwhile than this, however, is the fact that these engines allow students access to a much wider range of educational information than previously.

Jill: Joe is mistaken. Increasing human interaction on the global level is what matters most of all. Without search engines, communication would be much slower. Read more »

LSAT Analytical Reasoning: Limiters

Limiting questions are great because the question will give you an added piece of information that somehow limits the diagram. You can think of the limiter as an added rule applicable only to the one question you are working on. These questions typically read as follows: If X is true then Y must be in spot Z; find X or Z. For example: If X is at time 3, then Y must be at what time?

The easiest way to approach these types of questions is to “plug-in” the limiter into your diagram and see what results. Often times putting the limiter in your diagram will cause a cascade of other pieces to fall into place in your diagram. The typical answer will then relate to the pieces that fell into place. Always remember to save your work! Even though the limiters are adding a new rule for that specific question, the sequences you get are still correct within the overall rules of the game, so you can reference those sequences for future questions.

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Lets try an example:

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LSAT Analytical Reasoning: Maximum/Minimum

Analytical reasoning questions that contain the words “what/how many” will typically be asking you to find the maximum or minimum number of spots that an activity can be in. These questions can take a little bit of time, because unlike regular analytical reasoning questions, you aren’t looking for one correct sequence, but how many possible sequences there could be for a given activity.

Want more LSAT practice? Try this LSAT analytical reasoning practice question.

The best way to approach these questions is to work backwards. What I mean by that is, if you are asked to find the maximum number of places an activity can be, and your answers are 1-5, see first if that activity can be in all five places. If the activity cannot be in all five places, you can then cross that answer off. Next see if the activity can be in four places, three places and so on.

This process, of eliminating the larger numbers, will help you to get through the question quickly. Working forward on these questions takes more time as you have to try out a bunch of sequences to see if the activity could be in 1 spot, then 2 spots and so forth.

As with most analytical reasoning questions, the best place to start with these types of questions is to look back at your rules and see if those limit your answer choices. Then, work off your previous sequences to see if that helps. Finally, if you are still stuck between a couple of answers test out those answers and see which one leads to an incorrect sequence. Lets try the example below:

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LSAT Reading Comprehension: Why and How Questions

“Why and how” — or structural — questions ask you to identify “why” the passage contains certain information or “how” the relevant passage is structured. These questions ask you to understand the author’s motives for presenting certain information in a particular manner.

Two examples of “why and how” questions are:

The author’s discussion of the Hadron collider serves primarily to

  1. compare and contrast the legal issues created by scientific collaboration on a global level
  2. provide an example to illustrate the positions taken by one side of scientists in an ethical debate
  3. show that the legal issues produced by new scientific technology are not new
  4. describe the founding principle the author believes will determine the outcome of a specific legal question
  5. explain how the use of new science will also raises concerns about secondary legal issues

and

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“In the context of the passage, the author’s primary purpose in describing Herve’s personal journey (second sentence of the fourth paragraph) is to

  1. imply that the habit of combining personal and professional interests is characteristic of French-speaking intellectuals but not others
  2. point to an experience that illustrated Herve’s belief in copywright protection
  3. show that Herve’s abilities as a writer came in large part from the international character of his world experience
  4. depict a meaningful biographical item about Herve in an attempt to create more human interest in the discussion
  5. describe what Herve believes to be the foundation for his success as a writer

Other “why and how” questions might ask for the author’s primary purpose or concerns, or state that the author or a particular paragraph or passage refers to X in order to Y.

Wrong answers to “why and how” questions can reiterate detail from the passage without delving into its or the author’s purpose, which can admittedly be difficult to spot! Remember that you are looking for purpose rather than facts. Other incorrect answers might oppose rather than support the author’s views or incorrectly state that the author presents a statement for an unconnected purpose.

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LSAT Analytical Reasoning: Overview

Though Analytical Reasoning questions are often approached by test-takers with apprehension, you’ll find — with proper technique and careful analysis — that they can become some of the easiest questions you’ll encounter! This is because you’ll often know for sure whether you’ve successfully answered the question! Where else on the exam can you know your score ahead of time?!

On the whole, Analytical Reasoning question, per LSAC, “are designed to assess the ability to consider a group of facts and rules, and, given those facts and rules, determine what could or must be true…. In Analytical Reasoning questions, you are asked to reason deductively from a set of statements and rules or principles that describe relationships among persons, things, or events.”

Like Reading Comprehension questions, Analytical Reasoning questions present a passage following by a series of questions relating to that passage. These questions require an understanding of areas such as formal logic and inferences — skills you’ll also need for the Critical Reasoning section of the exam! To be clear, no advance and complex knowledge of formal logic is required — you should be able to use the reasoning ability you already have to complete the questions.

Need some extra LSAT analytical reasoning practice? Try this practice question and test your skills!

As an introduction to Analytical Reasoning, an example passage and is:

Read more »

An Overview of LSAT Logical Reasoning – Part 1

You don’t have to work for the IRS to be good at numbers, and you don’t need to be Sherlock Holmes to be able to grasp the fundamentals of logical reasoning. Logical reasoning, or LR, is one of three multiple choice questions on the LSAT. According to the official LSAT website, LSAC, logical reasoning questions test your ability to “analyze, critically evaluate, and complete arguments.” So what is an argument?

Check out an example Logical Reasoning passage on Grockit’s site.

An argument may be something you think of as occurring in politics (two sides arguing over an issue such as the payroll tax cut), or as part of a celebrity feud a la Seal and Heidi Klum, but in LSAT terms, an argument is not a conflict at all. An argument is simply a declarative statement backed up with examples. It can be as simple as, “The Pussycat Dolls are my favorite girl-group because I like pop music.” The conclusion is that this group is the author’s “favorite” and the evidence is that the author likes pop music. The assumption here is that the Pussycat Dolls are classified as pop music.

The LSAC states that there are ten concepts tested in Logical Reasoning: Read more »

Top 10 Schools for Joint Law Degree Programs

Many universities offer joint degree programs, which allow students to obtain a J.D. and another graduate degree simultaneously.  The concepts and skills taught in law school provide a solid basis for a legal career, but cannot encompass the entire body of knowledge necessary for work in a specific field.  Augmenting the law school curriculum with information directly relevant to the chosen field of study can provide critical additional knowledge.  Having a dual degree also provides strong competitive advantage in the job market.  Here are some of the best dual degree programs in the United States:

Studying for the LSAT? Try this LSAT logical reasoning practice question and test your skills today!

1.   Duke University

More students are enrolled in dual-degree programs at Duke Law School than at any other top law school – 25% of students at Duke pursue joint degrees.  Duke encourages high enrollment in dual degree programs by offering highly accelerated degrees, and by streamlining the application process.  Students pursuing a joint law degree and master’s degree begin their first year in June (rather than in August like J.D. students), allowing them to graduate in only three years.  Most other highly-ranked programs require four years to obtain a J.D./M.A.  Additionally, most schools require students to apply to law programs and other graduate programs separately.  Duke allows students to simply include a statement of interest with their Law School applications, exempting them from applying separately to graduate school and from taking the GRE.

2.     University of Pennsylvania

Penn Law provides a wide array of joint degree opportunities.  Like Duke, Penn offers several three year joint J.D./Master’s programs.  These include: Business, Criminology, Education Policy, Higher Education, Environmental Studies, Public Administration, International Studies, Bioethics, and Social Policy.  Penn Law also offers several other longer Master’s or Ph.D. joint degrees, as well as international joint degrees with the University of Hong Kong, and Sciences Po in Paris.  If none of those programs are suitable, Penn Law also allows students to create their own programs with departments that do not have formal joint degree programs.

3.     Stanford University

Stanford features 28 joint degree programs, and also gives students the opportunity to design their own dual degree programs.  The joint J.D./M.B.A. (Master’s of Business Administration) at Stanford is one of the oldest joint degree programs in the country, and esteemed alumni include the former Vice President and Deputy General Counsel for Google.

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LSAT Reading Comprehension: Humanities Passages

Authors, philosophers, artworks, ethics… Of the four sections in the LSAT’s Reading Comprehension portion, one will focus on humanities-related themes such as these.

To some test-takers, these “softer”-seeming subjects may in fact appear daunting, densely packed with richer description and a more elaborate writing style than, for example, those passages dealing with the sciences.  If you are one of these test-takers (perhaps a math or science major more used to numbers than narration), remember that you do not need to know anything outside of the information provided in the passage in order to successfully answer the corresponding questions. You are fully equipped with the material required to arrive at correct answers.

Test your knowledge with this LSAT humanities passage practice question. 

Conversely, test-takers accustomed to the humanities — those who light up at the thought of a class in ancient philosophy or modern English writers — may anticipate such a passage to be a comfortable respite from a section filled with less familiar passages on the sciences or legal issues. They should, however, be sure not to answer based on outside information, and instead focus specifically on those assertions contained directly within the material provided.

Regardless of your area of expertise, remember to read humanities passages — though they may seem quite different — similarly the way in which you might read an unfamiliar science or law passage: pay close attention to the topic, main and important supporting ideas, and structure of the passage, and avoid getting bogged down in the perhaps more complex language or unfamiliar subjects examined in the passage. Instead, read confidently, at an appropriate speed, and mark important points as you would with any other type of passage.

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LSAT Reading Comprehension: Inferences

While other sorts of Reading Comprehension questions ask for information drawn directly from the corresponding passage or passages, some ask for for you to draw inferences from that information. Inference questions require that you reach further, get a little creative, and move past the literal.

That said, these questions are not necessarily difficult. In fact, most are quite easy, involving assumptions regarding the main ideas stated in the passage or passages. When reading the relevant passage or passages, it is often helpful to underline or otherwise mark the author’s main ideas and important lines of reasoning. This method will help with all questions in the section, but it will be particularly helpful for inference questions, which, again, often draw upon those main points and ask you to make assumptions regarding them.

Recognizing inference questions is typically fairly obvious, as most ask for you to identify things such as what can be “inferred” from the materials, what “assumptions” are made in the passage, or “implications” or “suggestions” that the author has made.

Find out how Grockit’s expert tutors can give you one-on-one help answering the most difficult LSAT questions.

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